What are the basic requirements for US naturalization?
You must be 18+, be an LPR for 5 years (or 3 years if married to a US citizen), demonstrate continuous residence and physical presence, have good moral character, read/write/speak basic English, pass the civics test, and take the Oath of Allegiance. Military members may qualify under different rules.
How long does naturalization take in 2025?
USCIS N-400 processing times average 12-24 months at most field offices, though some offices process faster. After approval, oath ceremonies are typically scheduled within 1-3 months. Total timeline from filing to citizenship: 12-24+ months depending on your local field office.
Can criminal convictions prevent me from becoming a citizen?
Yes. Aggravated felonies (as defined under 8 USC 1101(a)(43)) permanently bar naturalization. Other crimes affecting good moral character include murder, drug trafficking, fraud, and certain misdemeanors. Always disclose all convictions - hiding them constitutes misrepresentation and can lead to denial and deportation.
Do I need to speak English to become a US citizen?
Basic English proficiency is required - you must read, write, and speak simple English words and phrases. Exceptions exist for applicants age 50+ who have been LPRs for 20+ years, or age 55+ for 15+ years (the 50/20 and 55/15 exemptions). Qualifying disabilities may also allow a waiver.
How much does it cost to apply for US citizenship?
The N-400 filing fee is $760 (online) or $710 (paper) as of 2024, plus $85 biometrics for most applicants - total $845. Fee waivers are available for low-income applicants. Legal fees range from $500-$2,500 for straightforward naturalization cases.