What are the physical presence requirements for US naturalization?
The standard naturalization path requires: (1) 5 years as a lawful permanent resident (LPR), with the last 3 months in the state where you file; (2) continuous residence — no single absence of 6 months or more (absences of 1+ years presumptively break continuity); (3) physical presence for at least 30 months (913 days) out of the 5 years before filing. For LPRs married to US citizens, the requirements are 3 years of LPR status and 18 months (548 days) of physical presence.
Does time outside the US affect my naturalization eligibility?
Yes, in two ways. First, physical presence: you must accumulate 30 months (standard) or 18 months (married to USC) inside the US. Days outside the US do not count. Second, continuous residence: a single absence of 6 months or more can disrupt continuous residence — meaning your 5-year clock may restart. To protect continuous residence for extended absences (6 months to 2 years), you can apply for a reentry permit (Form I-131) before leaving.
Can I apply for naturalization before my 5-year anniversary?
Yes — you may file Form N-400 up to 90 days before you reach the 5-year (or 3-year) anniversary of your green card grant. USCIS processing times for N-400 currently average 12–24 months, so filing early ensures you receive your oath ceremony soon after becoming eligible. You must meet all requirements as of the filing date and continue to meet them through the oath ceremony.