How does the US juvenile justice system work?
Juvenile courts handle offences by minors (usually under 18, though the age varies by state). The focus is rehabilitation, not punishment. Outcomes include diversion, informal adjustment, probation, community programs, and placement in a juvenile facility. Proceedings result in a delinquency adjudication rather than a criminal conviction.
What is juvenile diversion?
Diversion (or informal adjustment) steers a minor away from formal court by requiring completion of conditions such as counseling, restitution, community service, or a class. Successful completion means the case is closed without a formal adjudication, avoiding a delinquency record. It is common for first-time and minor offences.
Can a juvenile be tried as an adult?
Yes. Through waiver, transfer, or direct file, older juveniles charged with serious violent felonies can be moved to adult criminal court, where they face adult penalties. The threshold age and process vary by state. Transfer is generally reserved for the most serious cases and repeat serious offenders.
Can a juvenile record be sealed or expunged?
In many states juvenile records can be sealed or expunged once the person reaches a certain age or completes their disposition without reoffending. The process and eligibility differ significantly by state and by offence, and some serious offences may be excluded.